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on . Last updated on . Written by Eliza. 3 min read.

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Full-Stack Java Backend Engineer Knowledge Catalog

Block 1. Programming & Runtime Foundation

Foundation of all backend development.

1.1 Programming Basics

  • variables
  • data types
  • operators
  • conditionals
  • loops
  • methods/functions

1.2 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

  • class/object
  • encapsulation
  • inheritance
  • polymorphism
  • abstraction
  • interface
  • abstract class

1.3 Java Core

  • String
  • collections
  • generic
  • enum
  • exception
  • IO/NIO
  • reflection
  • annotation

1.4 JVM

  • JVM structure
  • heap / stack
  • GC
  • class loading
  • memory leak
  • OOM

1.5 Multithreading

  • thread
  • thread lifecycle
  • synchronized
  • Lock
  • volatile
  • CAS
  • thread safety

1.6 Concurrent Utilities

  • ThreadPoolExecutor
  • Future
  • CompletableFuture
  • CountDownLatch
  • Semaphore

1.7 Sync vs Async

  • synchronous
  • asynchronous
  • blocking
  • non-blocking

1.8 High Concurrency Basics

  • QPS/TPS
  • throughput
  • latency
  • bottleneck
  • traffic spike

Block 2. Spring / Framework Core

Core backend framework understanding.

2.1 What is Framework

  • framework vs library
  • inversion of control

2.2 Spring Core

  • Spring
  • Spring Boot
  • auto configuration
  • starter

2.3 IoC / DI

  • bean
  • container
  • BeanFactory
  • ApplicationContext
  • @Component
  • @Service
  • @Repository
  • @Controller
  • @Autowired
  • @Resource

2.4 AOP

  • proxy
  • dynamic proxy
  • CGLIB
  • aspect
  • advice
  • pointcut

2.5 Spring Lifecycle

  • bean lifecycle
  • initialization
  • circular dependency

2.6 Spring Boot Startup

  • @SpringBootApplication
  • auto scan
  • starter loading
  • configuration loading

Block 3. Web & API Layer

Request processing layer.

3.1 HTTP Basics

  • request/response
  • method
  • header
  • cookie
  • session
  • status code

3.2 MVC

  • MVC architecture
  • Spring MVC
  • DispatcherServlet

3.3 Request Flow

  • request lifecycle
  • controller mapping
  • parameter binding

3.4 Controller

  • @RestController
  • @RequestMapping
  • @GetMapping
  • @PostMapping
  • @PathVariable
  • @RequestParam
  • @RequestBody

3.5 Validation

  • @Valid
  • @NotNull
  • @NotBlank
  • global exception handling

3.6 Filter / Interceptor

  • Filter
  • Interceptor
  • login check
  • permission check
  • request logging

3.7 API Design

  • RESTful API
  • pagination
  • response wrapper
  • API versioning

Block 4. Business Logic & Domain

Most important real-world coding block.

4.1 Service Layer

  • business logic
  • service orchestration
  • domain thinking

4.2 Transaction

  • ACID
  • transaction isolation
  • @Transactional
  • rollback
  • propagation

4.3 State Management

  • state transition
  • order status
  • coupon lifecycle

4.4 Idempotency

  • repeated request
  • duplicate callback
  • token/idempotency key
  • unique constraint

4.5 Business Flow

  • payment flow
  • refund flow
  • coupon claim flow

4.6 Read & Debug Code

  • trace request flow
  • debug business logic
  • find root cause

4.7 Design Patterns

  • strategy
  • factory
  • template method
  • chain of responsibility

Block 5. Data & Persistence

Data storage and query layer.

5.1 Database Basics

  • relational database
  • table
  • PK/FK
  • normalization

5.2 SQL

  • CRUD
  • join
  • group by
  • index
  • execution plan

5.3 MySQL

  • transaction
  • lock
  • MVCC
  • slow query

5.4 ORM / Persistence

  • MyBatis
  • mapper
  • XML mapping
  • dynamic SQL

5.5 Persistence Annotation

  • @Table
  • @Column
  • @Id

5.6 Redis

  • cache
  • TTL
  • distributed lock
  • atomic operation

5.7 Data Consistency

  • cache consistency
  • DB consistency

Block 6. Concurrency, Async & Distributed

High-traffic backend systems.

6.1 High Concurrency

  • oversell
  • hot key
  • hotspot data
  • high traffic protection

6.2 Locking

  • optimistic lock
  • pessimistic lock
  • distributed lock

6.3 Async

  • async processing
  • async task
  • callback

6.4 MQ

  • Kafka
  • RabbitMQ
  • producer/consumer
  • retry
  • dead letter queue

6.5 Distributed System

  • distributed transaction
  • eventual consistency
  • CAP
  • service split

6.6 Resilience

  • retry
  • timeout
  • circuit breaker
  • rate limiting

6.7 Real Scenarios

  • flash sale
  • payment callback
  • inventory deduction
  • coupon claim

Block 7. Infrastructure & Operations

Deployment + production environment.

7.1 Linux

  • file system
  • process
  • permission
  • command line

7.2 Shell

  • bash
  • shell script

7.3 SSH

  • remote login
  • key pair

7.4 Docker

  • image
  • container
  • Dockerfile
  • docker-compose

7.5 Nginx

  • reverse proxy
  • load balancing
  • static resource

7.6 Deployment

  • jar deployment
  • CI/CD basics

7.7 Logs & Monitoring

  • logback
  • server log
  • tracing
  • metrics

7.8 Performance Tuning

  • JVM tuning
  • DB tuning
  • thread pool tuning

Block 8. Frontend & Full-Stack Interaction

Frontend-backend collaboration.

8.1 JavaScript

  • ES6
  • async/await
  • Promise

8.2 TypeScript

  • type system
  • interface
  • generic

8.3 Vue

  • component
  • props
  • lifecycle
  • routing

8.4 Frontend Request

  • axios
  • fetch

8.5 Frontend-Backend Interaction

  • token
  • CORS
  • API integration

8.6 UI Framework

  • layui
  • element-ui

8.7 SSR

  • server-side rendering basics

Block 9. System Design & Performance

Architecture thinking.

9.1 Architecture

  • layered architecture
  • microservice
  • modular design

9.2 Scalability

  • horizontal scaling
  • load balancing

9.3 Cache Design

  • cache strategy
  • cache consistency

9.4 Performance Optimization

  • DB optimization
  • API optimization
  • JVM optimization

9.5 Distributed Architecture

  • gateway
  • service registry
  • config center

9.6 Real System Design

  • flash sale system
  • payment system
  • coupon system
  • order system

Block 10. AI Usage & AI-Enhanced Development

AI-assisted engineering.

10.1 AI Coding Tools

  • ChatGPT
  • Cursor
  • Copilot

10.2 Prompt Engineering

  • precise prompting
  • debugging prompts
  • architecture prompts

10.3 AI-Assisted Debugging

  • log analysis
  • stacktrace analysis

10.4 AI API Integration

  • OpenAI API
  • streaming response
  • tool calling

10.5 RAG Basics

  • embedding
  • vector DB
  • retrieval

10.6 AI Product Backend

  • AI chat backend
  • session memory
  • prompt storage

10.7 AI + Backend Engineering

  • AI-generated CRUD
  • AI-assisted refactor
  • AI code review
  • AI workflow automation

MOST IMPORTANT RELATIONSHIP

Block 1 = language/runtime
Block 2 = framework
Block 3 = web request layer
Block 4 = business logic
Block 5 = data layer
Block 6 = high concurrency/distributed
Block 7 = deployment/operations
Block 8 = frontend interaction
Block 9 = architecture/system design
Block 10 = AI-enhanced engineering
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